COVID pandemic: A bolt from the blueWith COVID-19, many organizations are experiencing the impact of a pandemic for the first time in their lifetime. Most were unprepared to deal with a disruption of this scale. Economic activity in the country took a severe beating when a complete lockdown was enforced to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Organizations suffered severely; their sales have fallen off the cliff.&nbsp;Viruses can never be completely eliminated from any country with a single lockdown. This means that, even when the complete lockdown is lifted, and some territories have been selectively opened up based on the number of Covid cases in these areas, the areas open for business are not likely to remain stable. It is very likely that new cases of Covid infection will re-emerge in different areas from time to time, leading to fresh bouts of localized lockdowns. This will likely go on until a vaccine for &nbsp;COVID-19 can be administered to the entire population.&nbsp;Are we being pessimistic?Going by past records of our struggle with and triumph over infectious diseases, we can confidently assume that a vaccine or a treatment for COVID-19 is sure to be invented, thus relegating the disease to the same status as that of a common flu, which passes without triggering a pandemic.&nbsp;Should organizations forget this episode as one of its kind?Nevertheless, organizations can learn from this pandemic and prepare for any similar crises that can befall us. There are countless zoonotic viruses out there in nature with the potential to create havoc for the world populace and economy. It might serve organizations to become pandemic-resistant. This means that organizations need to be ready to exist and thrive in environments where lockdowns are dynamically imposed across territory.&nbsp;Why we claim current practices of consumer goods companies are not pandemic-resistant&nbsp;Most organizations follow a process of forecasting and a push-based monthly planning system for manufacturing, procurement, and distribution. The horizon of planning can vary from one month to even six months, depending on the lead time of the entire delivery system. Since forecasting errors are inevitable, and there is a need to provide stability to procurement and production, many organizations grudgingly try to fix the schedule to a smaller part of the entire planning horizon, extending to a month or more, depending on the type of environment.&nbsp;The errors in forecasting in the fixed horizon lead to stock-outs, wrong placement of inventory and continuous expediting, along with a month-end skew in dispatches.&nbsp;Organizations have learned to live with this phenomenon because many others in their industry follow similar practices and suffer from the same problems. Being in a herd, at times, gives the courage to stay in the status quo.&nbsp;However, the same practices which force companies to fix production and distribution plans for at least a month can cause more havoc in an environment of dynamically shifting lockdowns.&nbsp;<ul><li>Inventory turns will deteriorate drastically when some locations come under lockdown. At times, inventory turns can become half based on the period of lockdown and sluggish sales in the aftermath.&nbsp;</li><li>Extended lockdowns, such as the ongoing one in the country, can lead some distributors into a severe liquidity crisis. If they are short of cash and end up in credit locks, they may not be able to restart business immediately after lockdown. In turn, this can lead to a gridlock, which prevents them from getting more supplies, leading to eventual loss of sales for the parent company.&nbsp;</li></ul><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:400/400;" src="https://new-stage-be.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//1_1711626386.png" width="400" height="400"></figure><ul><li>The capacity of the sales team in lockdown areas is also likely to be lost as they are unable to meet customers. Others cannot be pressed into service to take this up because salespeople are traditionally allocated fixed geographies. Moreover, in an environment of uncertainty and travel restrictions, they would be struggling to cover their own geographies and would not be in a position to take on the extra load.&nbsp;</li><li>Suppliers clustered in an area under lockdown can disrupt production. They can also cause delays in ramp-up after the lifting of the lockdown due to working capital woes.&nbsp;</li></ul>The impact of the above will be a double whammy of deteriorating working capital turns and a significant loss of sales.&nbsp;Only those companies who have developed systems designed for agility to react to uncertainties created by dynamic lockdowns (disruption) and changing demand patterns across geographies will survive and gain market share in this environment.Potential problems with the current way of managing sales in the post-lockdown situation:&nbsp;<ul><li>High risk of losing sales from areas where the assigned salespeople are unable to visit or refuse to visit (out of fear of infection)&nbsp;</li><li>Drop in sales productivity by as much as 75% due to restrictions in the amount of time markets stay open&nbsp;</li><li>Compromised range selling since each visit has to be short, if more retailers have to be visited in a limited time&nbsp;</li><li>Broken rhythm of weekly beat – order collection and dispatch due to limited time/manpower to visit the market&nbsp;</li><li>Significant crippling of indirect distribution since retailers have no time/are unable to go and purchase from wholesalers&nbsp;</li></ul>This means shortening the decision horizon of following decisions&nbsp;<ul><li>What to produce?&nbsp;</li><li>How much to produce?&nbsp;</li><li>Where to send the inventory?&nbsp;</li><li>How much to send?&nbsp;</li></ul>The shorter the horizon for planning, the fewer the forecasting errors. So, ideally, for maximum flexibility, the horizon for these decisions should be reduced to a single day. (A monthly plan for planning overall RM and capacity coverage can continue). This will allow production and inventory management to react seamlessly to emerging scenarios of dynamic lockdowns.&nbsp;Similarly, a company should be able to divert sales efforts to areas where opportunities exist in the very short horizon without getting bogged down by the traditional geography-linked organization structures.&nbsp;Direction of Solution- Flexibility leading to Agility1. Flexibility in planningCompanies have to shift into a process of daily planning based on daily consumption signals from the recipient node(s) in the system. The TOC methodology of ‘Pull-Manufacturing’, ‘<a href="https://www.vectorconsulting.in/en/research-and-publication/articles/rally-with-your-allies/">Pull-Procurement</a>’ and ‘<a href="https://www.vectorconsulting.in/en/research-and-publication/articles/managing-distribution-chain-is-there-a-better-way-than-gazing-the-crystal-ball/">Pull-Distribution</a>’ enables companies to react to daily variability without losing out on efficiencies.&nbsp;Companies that have moved to this way of planning have low committed positions in inventory in all downstream nodes with the ability to swiftly resupply any demand in each area. Hence, they will be able to transition to normalcy fast while their counterparts struggle with supplies.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:400/400;" src="https://new-stage-be.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//2_1711626659.png" width="400" height="400"></figure>2. Flexibility in manufacturing and suppliesWith daily dynamic planning systems, plants will have higher flexibility. However, it is also important for companies with multiple plants to move away from the practice of dedicating plants to specific sets of products and make products across the various plants to reduce risk. Otherwise, if a particular plant becomes part of a lockdown area, products of this plant will quickly become unavailable in the market. Making products across the various plants implies that entire change-over times need to be reduced to ensure that plants maintain similar levels of efficiency despite adding more variety.&nbsp;Single product facilities:<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:400/400;" src="https://new-stage-be.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//3_1711714812.png" width="400" height="400"></figure>Multi-product facilities:&nbsp;Reduce risk of market unavailability of products by having multi-product facilities.&nbsp;When suppliers also move into a system of daily pull-based manufacturing, they will have low levels of inventory, and at the same time, they will rapidly adjust to changing demand patterns. Low inventory levels also allow suppliers to operate with low working capital (almost half of a monthly planning system), which in turn allows them to bounce back after lockdown much faster than others.&nbsp;3. Flexibility in distributionThe idea of having an aggregated hub and distributed spoke model of distribution has been accepted by most companies in this GST era. Companies have started consolidating warehouses with that model in mind. However, having a single physical hub warehouse can be a risky idea if the area goes into a lockdown. Hence, companies need to have multiple hub locations with the ability to behave as a single virtual hub.&nbsp;Single aggregated hub:<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:400/400;" src="https://new-stage-be.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//4_1711627122.png" width="400" height="400"></figure>The distribution to downstream locations should follow the pull model of consumption-based inventory movement to minimize the risk of large inventory moving out and piling up at any location downstream. It is also important to distance the warehouses from the plants to ensure that even if the plant goes under lockdown, the warehouses can continue to supply from their buffers. And if a warehouse goes under lockdown, the plant can redirect its stock to other warehouses. Warehouses should not be in close proximity to densely populated areas.Multiple hub locations with pull model of inventory movement:<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:400/400;" src="https://new-stage-be.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//5_1711627208.png" width="400" height="400"></figure>4. Flexibility in SalesCompanies depending on physical 'beat plans' for order taking will have a big issue. With social distancing and limited capacity due to travel and market opening restrictions, the ability to physically collect orders shall be severely jeopardized. Hence, it is imperative to set up a system of centralized, yet distributed, order-taking on phone calls. This not only enables a greater reach of sales force, but the model also de-risks the vagaries due to physical order taking. Since a tele-order representative can touch three to four times the number of retailers compared to an on-field foot soldier, it will free up sales manpower for the distributors. The remaining sales team of distributors and the company can focus on physical visits to expand ‘reach’ or to solve the problems of retailers who are not placing orders frequently.&nbsp;Companies who have moved on to this model prior to the current COVID crisis, have not only expanded their sales reach but are also now ready to operate seamlessly in an environment of dynamic lockdown. The other advantages of this model are a ‘direct connect’ with retailers and the ability to derive data-driven insights thanks to the availability of retail point data from even the smallest mom –and-pop store. Further, unlike the rigid traditional sales structure, these companies have the flexibility to immediately shift the calling location without any problem as and when needed.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:400/400;" src="https://new-stage-be.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//6_1711627246.png" width="400" height="400"></figure>Advantages of shifting to phone calls instead of physical visits for order-taking from customers5. Flexibility in physical branch officesIn such a sales environment, do companies really need a branch office? The current COVID triggered lockdown has proven that most of the discussions and review work can now be done over virtual platforms. The work of local logistics and documentation in the branch can also be easily moved to a centralized back office, making the physical branch office redundant. Moving all back-office work to a central location also allows one to share the workload across branch offices and proves more robust and cost-effective.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:400/400;" src="https://new-stage-be.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//7_1711627274.png" width="400" height="400"></figure>6. Flexibility in sales channelsCompanies need to re-think models of selling. While physical stores will continue to exist, many buyers might choose to move to e-commerce modes if there are too many hassles of social distancing at the retail point. It is important for companies to build/collaborate with hyperlocal e-commerce platforms where customers have the ability to view inventory in the nearest location and place orders over an app. This will allow companies to provide products through any channel the customer chooses without undue dependence on the e-commerce marketplace.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:400/400;" src="https://new-stage-be.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//8_1711714837.png" width="400" height="400"></figure>Flexibility on these six levels will enable organizations to respond rapidly to a market that is dynamic, especially during a pandemic.&nbsp;

Pandemic-resistant manufacturing and distribution

COVID pandemic: A bolt from the blueWith COVID-19, many organisations are experiencing the impact of a pandemic for the first time in their lifetime. Most were unprepared to deal with a disruption of this scale. Economic activity in the country took a severe beating when a complete lockdown was enforced to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Organisations suffered severely; their sales have fallen off the cliff.&nbsp;Viruses can never be completely eliminated from any country with a single lockdown. This means that, even when the complete lockdown is lifted, and some territories have been selectively opened up based on the number of Covid cases in these areas, the areas open for business are not likely to remain stable. It is very likely that new cases of Covid infection will re-emerge in different areas from time to time, leading to fresh bouts of localised lockdowns. This will likely go on until a vaccine for &nbsp;COVID-19 can be administered to the entire population.&nbsp;Are we being pessimistic?Going by past records of our struggle with and triumph over infectious diseases, we can confidently assume that a vaccine or a treatment for COVID-19 is sure to be invented, thus relegating the disease to the same status as that of a common flu, which passes without triggering a pandemic.&nbsp;Should organisations forget this episode as one of its kind?Nevertheless, organisations can learn from this pandemic and prepare for any similar crises that can befall us. There are countless zoonotic viruses out there in nature with the potential to create havoc for the world populace and economy. It might serve organisations to become pandemic-resistant. This means that organisations need to be ready to exist and thrive in environments where lockdowns are dynamically imposed across territory.&nbsp;Why we claim current practices of consumer goods companies are not pandemic-resistant&nbsp;Most organisations follow a process of forecasting and a push-based monthly planning system for manufacturing, procurement, and distribution. The horizon of planning can vary from one month to even six months, depending on the lead time of the entire delivery system. Since forecasting errors are inevitable, and there is a need to provide stability to procurement and production, many organisations grudgingly try to fix the schedule to a smaller part of the entire planning horizon, extending to a month or more, depending on the type of environment.&nbsp;The errors in forecasting in the fixed horizon lead to stock-outs, wrong placement of inventory and continuous expediting, along with a month-end skew in dispatches.&nbsp;Organisations have learned to live with this phenomenon because many others in their industry follow similar practices and suffer from the same problems. Being in a herd, at times, gives the courage to stay in the status quo.&nbsp;However, the same practices which force companies to fix production and distribution plans for at least a month can cause more havoc in an environment of dynamically shifting lockdowns.&nbsp;<ul><li>Inventory turns will deteriorate drastically when some locations come under lockdown. At times, inventory turns can become half based on the period of lockdown and sluggish sales in the aftermath.&nbsp;</li><li>Extended lockdowns, such as the ongoing one in the country, can lead some distributors into a severe liquidity crisis. If they are short of cash and end up in credit locks, they may not be able to restart business immediately after lockdown. In turn, this can lead to a gridlock, which prevents them from getting more supplies, leading to eventual loss of sales for the parent company.&nbsp;</li></ul><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:4000/3704;" src="https://backend.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//cg-article-3-img-1_1733793036.jpg" width="4000" height="3704"></figure><ul><li>The capacity of the sales team in lockdown areas is also likely to be lost as they are unable to meet customers. Others cannot be pressed into service to take this up because salespeople are traditionally allocated fixed geographies. Moreover, in an environment of uncertainty and travel restrictions, they would be struggling to cover their own geographies and would not be in a position to take on the extra load.&nbsp;</li><li>Suppliers clustered in an area under lockdown can disrupt production. They can also cause delays in ramp-up after the lifting of the lockdown due to working capital woes.&nbsp;</li></ul>The impact of the above will be a double whammy of deteriorating working capital turns and a significant loss of sales.&nbsp;Only those companies who have developed systems designed for agility to react to uncertainties created by dynamic lockdowns (disruption) and changing demand patterns across geographies will survive and gain market share in this environment.Potential problems with the current way of managing sales in the post-lockdown situation:&nbsp;<ul><li>High risk of losing sales from areas where the assigned salespeople are unable to visit or refuse to visit (out of fear of infection)&nbsp;</li><li>Drop in sales productivity by as much as 75% due to restrictions in the amount of time markets stay open&nbsp;</li><li>Compromised range selling since each visit has to be short, if more retailers have to be visited in a limited time&nbsp;</li><li>Broken rhythm of weekly beat – order collection and dispatch due to limited time/manpower to visit the market&nbsp;</li><li>Significant crippling of indirect distribution since retailers have no time/are unable to go and purchase from wholesalers&nbsp;</li></ul>This means shortening the decision horizon of following decisions&nbsp;<ul><li>What to produce?&nbsp;</li><li>How much to produce?&nbsp;</li><li>Where to send the inventory?&nbsp;</li><li>How much to send?&nbsp;</li></ul>The shorter the horizon for planning, the fewer the forecasting errors. So, ideally, for maximum flexibility, the horizon for these decisions should be reduced to a single day. (A monthly plan for planning overall RM and capacity coverage can continue). This will allow production and inventory management to react seamlessly to emerging scenarios of dynamic lockdowns.&nbsp;Similarly, a company should be able to divert sales efforts to areas where opportunities exist in the very short horizon without getting bogged down by the traditional geography-linked organization structures.&nbsp;Direction of Solution- Flexibility leading to Agility1. Flexibility in planningCompanies have to shift into a process of daily planning based on daily consumption signals from the recipient node(s) in the system. The TOC methodology of ‘Pull-Manufacturing’, ‘<a href="https://www.vectorconsulting.in/en/research-and-publication/articles/rally-with-your-allies/">Pull-Procurement</a>’ and ‘<a href="https://www.vectorconsulting.in/en/research-and-publication/articles/managing-distribution-chain-is-there-a-better-way-than-gazing-the-crystal-ball/">Pull-Distribution</a>’ enables companies to react to daily variability without losing out on efficiencies.&nbsp;Companies that have moved to this way of planning have low committed positions in inventory in all downstream nodes with the ability to swiftly resupply any demand in each area. Hence, they will be able to transition to normalcy fast while their counterparts struggle with supplies.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:4000/4548;" src="https://backend.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//cg-article-3-img-2_1734346852.jpg" width="4000" height="4548"></figure>2. Flexibility in manufacturing and suppliesWith daily dynamic planning systems, plants will have higher flexibility. However, it is also important for companies with multiple plants to move away from the practice of dedicating plants to specific sets of products and make products across the various plants to reduce risk. Otherwise, if a particular plant becomes part of a lockdown area, products of this plant will quickly become unavailable in the market. Making products across the various plants implies that entire change-over times need to be reduced to ensure that plants maintain similar levels of efficiency despite adding more variety.&nbsp;Single product facilities:<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:4000/3964;" src="https://backend.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//cg-article-3-img-3_1733793067.jpg" width="4000" height="3964"></figure>Multi-product facilities:&nbsp;Reduce risk of market unavailability of products by having multi-product facilities.&nbsp;When suppliers also move into a system of daily pull-based manufacturing, they will have low levels of inventory, and at the same time, they will rapidly adjust to changing demand patterns. Low inventory levels also allow suppliers to operate with low working capital (almost half of a monthly planning system), which in turn allows them to bounce back after lockdown much faster than others.&nbsp;3. Flexibility in distributionThe idea of having an aggregated hub and distributed spoke model of distribution has been accepted by most companies in this GST era. Companies have started consolidating warehouses with that model in mind. However, having a single physical hub warehouse can be a risky idea if the area goes into a lockdown. Hence, companies need to have multiple hub locations with the ability to behave as a single virtual hub.&nbsp;Single aggregated hub:<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:4000/1998;" src="https://backend.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//cg-article-3-img-4_1734346884.jpg" width="4000" height="1998"></figure>The distribution to downstream locations should follow the pull model of consumption-based inventory movement to minimise the risk of large inventory moving out and piling up at any location downstream. It is also important to distance the warehouses from the plants to ensure that even if the plant goes under lockdown, the warehouses can continue to supply from their buffers. And if a warehouse goes under lockdown, the plant can redirect its stock to other warehouses. Warehouses should not be in close proximity to densely populated areas.Multiple hub locations with pull model of inventory movement:<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:4000/2738;" src="https://backend.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//cg-article-3-img-5_1734346900.jpg" width="4000" height="2738"></figure>4. Flexibility in SalesCompanies depending on physical 'beat plans' for order taking will have a big issue. With social distancing and limited capacity due to travel and market opening restrictions, the ability to physically collect orders shall be severely jeopardised. Hence, it is imperative to set up a system of centralised, yet distributed, order-taking on phone calls. This not only enables a greater reach of sales force, but the model also de-risks the vagaries due to physical order taking. Since a tele-order representative can touch three to four times the number of retailers compared to an on-field foot soldier, it will free up sales manpower for the distributors. The remaining sales team of distributors and the company can focus on physical visits to expand ‘reach’ or to solve the problems of retailers who are not placing orders frequently.&nbsp;Companies who have moved on to this model prior to the current COVID crisis, have not only expanded their sales reach but are also now ready to operate seamlessly in an environment of dynamic lockdown. The other advantages of this model are a ‘direct connect’ with retailers and the ability to derive data-driven insights thanks to the availability of retail point data from even the smallest mom –and-pop store. Further, unlike the rigid traditional sales structure, these companies have the flexibility to immediately shift the calling location without any problem as and when needed.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:4000/1962;" src="https://backend.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//cg-article-3-img-6_1733793100.jpg" width="4000" height="1962"></figure>Advantages of shifting to phone calls instead of physical visits for order-taking from customers5. Flexibility in physical branch officesIn such a sales environment, do companies really need a branch office? The current COVID triggered lockdown has proven that most of the discussions and review work can now be done over virtual platforms. The work of local logistics and documentation in the branch can also be easily moved to a centralized back office, making the physical branch office redundant. Moving all back-office work to a central location also allows one to share the workload across branch offices and proves more robust and cost-effective.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:4000/3302;" src="https://backend.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//cg-article-3-img-7_1733793111.jpg" width="4000" height="3302"></figure>6. Flexibility in sales channelsCompanies need to re-think models of selling. While physical stores will continue to exist, many buyers might choose to move to e-commerce modes if there are too many hassles of social distancing at the retail point. It is important for companies to build/collaborate with hyperlocal e-commerce platforms where customers have the ability to view inventory in the nearest location and place orders over an app. This will allow companies to provide products through any channel the customer chooses without undue dependence on the e-commerce marketplace.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:4000/4168;" src="https://backend.vectorconsulting.in/storage/editor_uploads//cg-article-3-img-8_1734346916.jpg" width="4000" height="4168"></figure>Flexibility on these six levels will enable organisations to respond rapidly to a market that is dynamic, especially during a pandemic.&nbsp;

<h4>Pandemic-resistant manufacturing and distribution</h4>

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Some lessons from the disruption caused by Covid-19 and how organizations can avoid anything similar in the future. Read to know more.

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